Natural Gas
General Objectives:
To provide a comprehensive review of the techniques involved in natural gas production, processing and transport, complemented with a picture of natural gas valorization channels.
Specific Objectives:
At the end of training the trainees will be able to:
- Learn about fundamentals of natural gas composition, production and field processing;
- Comprehend technical issues and specific constraints of natural gas transport and storage;
- Review the various end-user markets available for valorizing natural gas;
- Grasp key natural gas chain economic issues.
CONTEÚDOS
CONTENTS:
Module I – Natural gas: types and production techniques
- Types and characteristics of natural gas fields – Production techniques;
- Different types of natural gas (condensate, wet or dry gas) and characterization parameters;
- Constitution of natural gas well effluent, properties and specific hazards.
- Case of associated gases: recovery techniques, characteristics, composition.
- End uses of natural gases: fuel (domestic and industrial uses), conversion into other energy types (electricity production and cogeneration), automotive fuel (natural gas for vehicles – NGV and conversion into liquid automotive fuels GTL), chemical valorization;
- Quality requirements for commercial natural gases and associated products (ethane, LPG, condensates) – Examples of quality standards.
- Gas dehydration (drying) and hydrate formation inhibition;
- System behavior – Moisture content of a saturated gas;
- Applications: moisture content of different gases of various compositions;
- Hydrate formation inhibition by injection of inhibitors: MeOH, MEG, DEG, LDHI;
- Gas dehydration: TEG units, molecular sieves;
- Application: summary design of TEG unit;
- Gas sweetening: removal of acid components (H2S and/or CO2);
- Different techniques applicable for gas sweetening;
- Chemical solvent processes – Amine units (MEA, DEA, DGA, MDEA…);
- Physical solvent processes;
- Hybrid (physic-chemical) solvent processes;
- Overview of other techniques;
- Conversion of H2S: sulfur production (CLAUS process) and tail gas processing;
- Application: summary design of an amine unit;
- Natural gas Liquids (NGL) extraction (removal of heavy components);
- External refrigeration loop;
- Joule-Thomson expansion;
- Turbo-expander;
- Application: calculation of cryogenic loop used for NGL extraction;
- Examples of gas field development schemes;
- Gas fields development options: onshore or offshore processing, single phase or multiphase export pipes (sea lines), “wet” or “dry” development;
- Other treatments: mercury removal, conversion or adsorption of mercaptans (RSH).
- Liquefaction processes: principle, typical operating conditions, technology.
- LNG tanks: Single or double or full containment (self standing, membrane) – Hazards;
- LNG transport: LNG carriers (MOSS spheres, membrane…), export and receiving terminals;
- LNG regasification at the receiving terminals, options for refrigeration duty recovery.
- Gas pipes: technology, capacities, equipment, recompression units, operating conditions;
- Underground storage (old reservoirs, aquifers, salt domes…) – Required treatments at outlet.
- Resources, production and markets;
- Natural gas marketing: competition of other energy sources and consequences on gas contracts (prices and duration), cost of transport and its impact on the structure of the gas chain;
- Future of the Natural gas.
High Skills - Formação e Consultoria
Angola | Cabo- Verde | Moçambique | Portugal | S. Tomé e Princípe
Angola | Cabo- Verde | Moçambique | Portugal | S. Tomé e Princípe