Petroleum Products

General Objectives:

To deepen knowledge of petroleum products characteristics and improve skills in regard to the production process.

Specific Objectives:

At the end of training the trainees will be able to:

• Learn about constituents of petroleum products;
• Grasp main characteristics of petroleum and their significance in regard to needs of end-users;
• Learn the basics of metering technologies;
• Identify the recent changes and the trends for the future.

CONTEÚDOS

CONTENTS:

Module I – Worldwide market – Price and cost management

• World oil consumption: price variation, demand, production – Which energy for the future?;
• Unleaded gasoline, automotive diesel, heating oil, jet fuel, LPG: worldwide demand, consumption, prices and taxes.

Module II – Origin and composition of petroleum products

• Composition and main characteristics of crude oils;
• Classification and characteristics of petroleum products;
• Principle of oil refining processes and the formulation of commercial products: major properties of blending components, blending rules;
• Standard quality control tests: standards and testing organizations, test principles, accuracy of the methods, specifications.

Module III – Properties, characteristics and formulation of combustible products

• For each major product (LPG, automotive gasoline, jet fuel, automotive diesel fuel, domestic fuel oil and heavy fuel oils), the following aspects are developed;
• Market trends – Volatility characteristics – Combustion properties – Behavior under cold conditions and flowing – Corrosiveness, effect on air pollution – Stability, storage behavior – Manufacturing schemes.

Module IV – Main non-energy products

• Bitumen;
• The different types of bitumen: pure, cutbacks, polymer-modified, emulsions;
• The major standard tests: penetration, softening, ageing;
• Manufacturing schemes – Formulation – Blending rules;
• Lube base oils;
• Lube base oils manufacturing and composition of lubricants: base oils and additives;
• Properties and characteristics of base oils: viscosity index, cold properties, oxidation stability.

Module V – Additives

• Nature of the main additives and type of action;
• Incorporation of additives in the refinery: role in the blending operations, economical aspects;
• Performance additives injected in the oil depots.